What are "lactones"?
Answer: Intramolecular esters. Formed by hydoxy acids (compounds containing both a hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid function)
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Carboxylic Acids
- What are the reagents needed for Lithium Aluminum Hydride reduction of carboxylic acids? What is the overall result?
- Name 3 reactions of carboxylic acids presented in the chapter:
- Name three reactions given by the chapter which you can use to synthesize carboxylic acids without adding a carbon to the parent chain:
- How do you decarboxylate malonic acid?
- How are lactones named?
- What is the skeleton reaction of acid-catalyzed esterification?
- What are the products when carboxylic acid is reacted with 1. LiAlH4, diethyl ether 2, H2O?
- What is(are) the products when carboxylic acid is reacted with thionyl chloride?
- When acid-catalyzed esterification is carried out, where does the hydroxyl oxygen come from?
- Given an alkyl chloride, how would you carboxylate it and add to the chain by one? (cyanide method)
- Given an alkyl chloride, what are the three reagents (in order) needed to carboxylate the compound while adding another carbon to the chain? (carbon dioxide method)
- Name two ways to prepare carboxylic acids while extending the parent chain by a carbon:
- How do you oxidize aldehydes?
- How do you oxidize a primary alcohol?
- How do you convert a primary or secondary alkyl side chain on an aromatic ring to a carboxyl group?
- What is the reaction most used for the commercial production of acetic acid?
- How does bicarbonate compare in acidity to carboxylic acids, water, and alcohol?
- What happens when an amphiphilic substance is placed in water?
- What is the definition of an amphiphilic substance?
- Which parts of sodium stearate are hydrophilic, and which parts are lipophilic?
- How do you name the carboxylic acid salts?
- What happens to carboxylic acids in the presence of strong bases such as NaOH?
- In substituted benzoic acids, the largest effects on acidity occur when the electron-withdrawing substituents are in which location?
- Does carbon become more or less electron-withdrawing as its s-character increases?