Answer: Because of the enzyme's active site perfectly fit and binded the substrate to it, it wouldn't want to detach. It is more realistic to assume that both the substrate and the enzyme will undergo conformational changes to ensure a fit.

What are the two models of substrates binding to enzymes, and which is deemed to be more correct?

Answer: Lock and Key Model and Induced Fit Model, Induced Fit Model

What are the definitions of apoenzymes and holoenzymes and what is the difference between them?

Answer: An apoenzyme is a conjugated enzyme without its coenzyme, and a holoenzyme is a conjugated enzyme with its coenzyme.

What are the definitions of apoproteins and holoproteins and what is the difference between them?

Answer: An apoprotein is a conjugated enzyme without its cofactor, and a holoprotein is a conjugated enzyme with its cofactor.

True or false: All cofactors are coenzymes.

Answer: False (coenzymes are organic, but some cofactors are inorganic)

Pertaining to enzymes, what is a cofactor?

Answer: A non-protein prosthetic group of a conjugated enzyme

What does the fourth number indicate in the Enzyme Commission number for an enzyme?

Answer: Indicates what molecule is accepting what is being transferred

What does the third number mean in the Enzyme Commission number of an enzyme? (hint: it is directly related to the second number)

Answer: Indicates what the group is accepting the group being transferred

What does the second number mean in the Enzyme Commission number of an enzyme?

Answer: Subclass of the enzyme (i.e. phosphotransferase)

In the four-letter coding (Enzyme Commission number) of enzymes, what does the first digit signify?

Answer: Class name of the enzyme (1-6)

What are the six classes of enzymes, and what are their numbers according to the enzyme commission numbering system?

1. Oxidoreductases

2. Transferases

3. Hydrolases

4. Lyases

5. Isomerases

6. Ligases

How exactly do active sites catalyze reactions when a substrate is bound to it?

Answer: The shape and charge distribution of an enzyme's active site constrains the motion and conformation of the substrate to make it adopt a conformation more like that of the transition state.

How does X-Ray Crystallography separate proteins?

Answer: Highly ordered crystalline specimens are exposed to an X-ray beam. As the rays hit the crystal, they are scattered by atoms in the crystal. The diffraction patterns are used to construct an electron density map, as the resolving power of X-ray crystallography is equivalent to interatomic distances. A computer is then used to reconstruct a 3D model of the polypeptide using the electron density map.

How does mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization) separate proteins?

Answer: A protein solution positively charged by an electric current is vaporized by MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization) and the fragmented protein ions flow through a magnetic field, which deflects the ions depending on their m/z (mass-to-charge) ratios. The lighter ions are more deflected from a straight path than heavier ions.

How does electrophoresis separate proteins?

Answer: The protein samples are poured in wells in an apparatus that contains negatively charged SDS-Pac (Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel).The SDS causes proteins to denature and in an electric current will migrate towards the positive end of the current. The smaller/lighter the protein, the farther the protein will travel.

How does gel-filtration separate proteins?

Answer: Protein particles in an aqueous solution flow through a hollow tube filled with gel. Molecules that are larger than the gel pores are excluded and move through the column quickly, and molecules that are smaller than the gel pores diffuse in and out of the pores, so their elution through the column is slower.

How does ion-exchange chromatography separate proteins?

Answer: It separates proteins on the basis of their charge when anions or cations bind negatively or positively charged groups. For example, when salt cations (like NaCl) are being exchanged, negatively charged proteins will pass through, while positively charged proteins will stick.

Determine the answer to the following equation with correct number of significant figures: 106 ÷ 9.02 × 1.9 =

A) 22.32816

B) 22.328

C) 22.3

D) 22

E) none of the above

Answer: D

Determine the answer for the equation below with correct number of significant figures: 1.2 × 1.79 =

A) 2.148

B) 2.15

C) 2.1

D) 2.2

E) none of the above

Answer: C

Determine the answer for the equation below with correct number of significant figures: 3.215 × 13.2 ÷ 0.218 =

A) 194.669

B) 195

C) 194.7

D) 194.67

E) none of the above

Answer: B

How many significant digits should be reported in the answer to the following calculation? (4.3 - 3.7) × 12.3 =

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) none of the above

Answer: A

A combination reaction may also be a displacement reaction. (T/F)

A combination reaction may also be a displacement reaction.
(T/F)

Answer: F

The combustion of an element is always a combination reaction. (T/F)

The combustion of an element is always a combination reaction.
(T/F)

Answer: T

All combustion reactions are classified as combination reactions. (T/F)

All combustion reactions are classified as combination reactions.
(T/F)

Answer: F

In a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent undergoes loss of electrons. (T/F)

In a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent undergoes loss of electrons.
(T/F)

Answer: F

In a redox reaction, the reducing agent undergoes loss of electrons. (T/F)

In a redox reaction, the reducing agent undergoes loss of electrons.
(T/F)

Answer: T

A particular reaction may be both a precipitation and an acid-base (neutralization) reaction. (T/F)

A particular reaction may be both a precipitation and an acid-base (neutralization) reaction.
(T/F)

Answer: F

In an acid-base (neutralization) reaction the equivalence point is the point where the indicator changes color. (T/F)

In an acid-base (neutralization) reaction the equivalence point is the point where the indicator changes color.
(T/F)

Answer: F

In an acid-base (neutralization) reaction the indicator will change color at the end point. (T/F)

In an acid-base (neutralization) reaction the indicator will change color at the end point.
(T/F)

Answer: T

Some covalent compounds dissolve in water to produce conducting solutions. (T/F)

Some covalent compounds dissolve in water to produce conducting solutions.
(T/F)

Answer: T

Predict the products by completing a balanced equation for the following decomposition reaction. CaCl₂(l) --electricity--> ?

Predict the products by completing a balanced equation for the following decomposition reaction.
CaCl₂(l) --electricity--> ?

A) CaCl₂(l) --electricity--> Ca(l) + 2Cl-(l)

B) CaCl₂(l) --electricity--> Ca²⁺(l) + Cl₂(g)

C) CaCl₂(l) --electricity--> Ca²⁺

D) CaCl₂(l) --electricity--> Ca(l) + Cl₂(g)

E) CaCl₂(l) --electricity--> CaCl(l) + Cl⁻

Answer: D

Predict the product(s) for the following reaction. H₂SO₄(aq) + KOH(aq) →

Predict the product(s) for the following reaction.
H₂SO₄(aq) + KOH(aq) →

A) K₂SO4(aq) + H₂O(l)

B) K₂S(aq) + H₂O(l)

C) K(s) + H₂(g) + SO₃(g)

D) KSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

E) No reaction occurs.

Answer: A

Predict the product(s) for the following reaction. BaO(s) + CO2(g) →

Predict the product(s) for the following reaction.
BaO(s) + CO2(g) →

A) Ba(s) + CO₃(g)

B) BaCO₃(s)

C) BaO(s) + C(s)

D) Ba(s) + CO₃

E) No reaction occurs.

Answer: B

Predict the product(s) for the following reaction. Cl₂O₇(g) + H₂O(l) →

Predict the product(s) for the following reaction.
Cl₂O₇(g) + H₂O(l) →

A) HClO₄(aq)

B) H₂ClO₄(aq)

C) H(ClO₄)₂ (aq)

D) HCl(aq) + O₂(g)

E) HClO₃(aq)

Answer: A

Select the classification for the following reaction. 2I⁻(aq) + Cl₂(aq) → I₂(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
2I⁻(aq) + Cl₂(aq) → I₂(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq)

A) combination

B) displacement

C) decomposition

D) precipitation

E) acid-base

Answer: B

Select the classification for the following reaction. 2Ag⁺(aq) + Zn(s) → 2Ag(s) + Zn²⁺(aq)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
2Ag⁺(aq) + Zn(s) → 2Ag(s) + Zn²⁺(aq)

A) displacement

B) decomposition

C) combination

D) precipitation

E) acid-base

Answer: A

Select the classification for the following reaction. H₂CO₃(aq) → H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
H₂CO₃(aq) → H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

A) combination

B) decomposition

C) displacement

D) acid-base

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: B

Select the classification for the following reaction. CaCl₂·H₂O(s) --heat--> CaCl₂(s) + H₂O(g)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
CaCl₂·H₂O(s) --heat--> CaCl₂(s) + H₂O(g)

A) combination

B) decomposition

C) displacement

D) acid-base

E) precipitation

Answer: B

Select the classification for the following reaction. 2H₂O₂(aq) → 2H₂O(l) + O₂(g)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
2H₂O₂(aq) → 2H₂O(l) + O₂(g)

A) combination

B) decomposition

C) displacement

D) acid-base

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: B

Select the classification for the following reaction. 2NaCl(l) --electricity--> 2Na(l) + Cl₂(g)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
2NaCl(l) --electricity--> 2Na(l) + Cl₂(g)

A) acid-base

B) precipitation

C) combination

D) displacement

E) decomposition

Answer: E

Select the classification for the following reaction. Na₂O(s) + H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
Na₂O(s) + H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)

A) combination

B) decomposition

C) displacement

D) acid-base

E) precipitation

Answer: A

The compound P₄O₁₀ is used in refining sugar. Select the classification for the reaction in which it is synthesized. P₄(s) + 5O₂(g) → P₄O₁₀(s)

The compound P₄O₁₀ is used in refining sugar. Select the classification for the reaction in which it is synthesized.
P₄(s) + 5O₂(g) → P₄O₁₀(s)

A) combination

B) decomposition

C) displacement

D) acid-base

E) precipitation

Answer: A

Select the classification for the following reaction. H₂(g) + Cl₂(g) → 2HCl(g)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
H₂(g) + Cl₂(g) → 2HCl(g)

A) combination

B) decomposition

C) displacement

D) acid-base

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: A

Select the classification for the following reaction. BaCl₂(aq) + K₂SO₄(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2KCl(aq)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
BaCl₂(aq) + K₂SO₄(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2KCl(aq)

A) precipitation

B) acid-base

C) redox

D) decomposition

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: A

Select the classification for the following reaction. Fe(s) + 2Fe³⁺(aq) → 3Fe²⁺(aq)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
Fe(s) + 2Fe³⁺(aq) → 3Fe²⁺(aq)

A) precipitation

B) acid-base

C) redox

D) decomposition

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: C

Select the classification for the following reaction. KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → KCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → KCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

A) precipitation

B) acid-base

C) redox

D) combination

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: B

Select the classification for the following reaction. NH₃(aq) + HNO₃(aq) → NH₄NO₃(aq)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
NH₃(aq) + HNO₃(aq) → NH₄NO₃(aq)

A) precipitation

B) acid-base

C) redox

D) decomposition

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: B

Select the classification for the following reaction. Fe²⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq) → Fe(OH)₂(s)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
Fe²⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq) → Fe(OH)₂(s)

A) precipitation

B) acid-base

C) redox

D) decomposition

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: A

Select the classification for the following reaction. 2Na(s) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H₂(g)

Select the classification for the following reaction.
2Na(s) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H₂(g)

A) precipitation

B) acid-base

C) redox

D) combination

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: C

Identify all the spectator ions in the following reaction. 2KMnO₄(aq) + 10FeSO₄(aq) + 8H₂SO₄(aq) → K₂SO₄(aq) + 2MnSO₄(aq) + 5Fe₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 8H₂O(l)

Identify all the spectator ions in the following reaction.
2KMnO₄(aq) + 10FeSO₄(aq) + 8H₂SO₄(aq) → K₂SO₄(aq) + 2MnSO₄(aq) + 5Fe₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 8H₂O(l)

A) only K⁺

B) only SO₄²⁻

C) only K⁺ and SO₄²⁻

D) only K⁺, SO₄²⁻, and Fe²⁺

E) only K⁺, SO₄²⁻, Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺

Answer: C

Which one of the following is not a redox reaction?

A) 2Na(s) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H₂(g)

B) H₂(g) + Cl₂(g) → 2HCl(g)

C) 2H₂O₂(aq) → 2H₂O(l) + O₂(g)

D) Fe₂O₃(s) + 3H₂SO₄(aq) → Fe₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 3H₂O(l)

E) 2KMnO₄(aq) + 10FeSO₄(aq) + 8H₂SO₄(aq) → K₂SO₄(aq) + 2MnSO₄(aq) + 5Fe₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 8H₂O(l)

Answer: D

Which one of the following is a redox reaction?

A) 2Na(g) + Cl₂(g) → 2NaCl(s)

B) Ba²⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq) → BaSO₄(s)

C) K₂Cr₂O₇(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → 2K₂CrO₄(aq) + H₂O(l)

D) Na₂CO₃(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

E) H₂O(l) → H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

Answer: A

Which one of the following is not a redox reaction?

A) 2H₂O₂(aq) → 2H₂O(l) + O₂(g)

B) N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g)

C) BaCl₂(aq) + K₂CrO₄(aq) → BaCrO₄(aq) + 2KCl(aq)

D) 2Al(s) + Fe₂O₃(s) → Al₂O₃(s) + 2Fe(s)

E) 2H₂O(g) → 2H₂(g) + O₂(g)

Answer: C

Which one of the following is not a redox reaction?

A) 2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(l)

B) Zn(s) + H₂SO₄(aq) → ZnSO₄(aq) + H₂(g)

C) H₂O(l) + NH₃(g) → NH4⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

D) 6FeSO₄(aq) + K₂Cr2₂O₇(aq) + 7H₂SO₄(aq) → Cr₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 3Fe₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + K₂SO₄(aq) + 7H₂O(l)

E) Cl₂(g) + 2KBr(aq) → Br₂(l) + 2KCl(aq)

Answer: C

Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, is used as a "fixer" in black and white photography. Identify the reducing agent in the reaction of thiosulfate with iodine. 2S₂O₃²⁻(aq) _ I₂(aq) → S₄O₆²⁻(aq) + 2I⁻(aq)

Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, is used as a "fixer" in black and white photography.
Identify the reducing agent in the reaction of thiosulfate with iodine.
2S₂O₃²⁻(aq) _ I₂(aq) → S₄O₆²⁻(aq) + 2I⁻(aq)

A) I₂(aq)

B) I⁻(aq)

C) S₂O₃²⁻(aq)

D) S₄O₆²⁻(aq)

E) S₂O₃²⁻(aq) and I⁻(aq)

Answer: C

Identify the oxidizing agent in the following redox reaction. Hg²⁺(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu²⁺(aq) + Hg(l)

Identify the oxidizing agent in the following redox reaction.
Hg²⁺(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu²⁺(aq) + Hg(l)

A) Hg²⁺(aq)

B) Cu(s)

C) Cu²⁺(aq)

D) Hg(l)

E) Hg²⁺(aq) and Cu²⁺(aq)

Answer: A

The oxidation numbers of P, S and Cl in H₂PO₂⁻, H₂S and KClO₄ are, respectively

A) -1, -1, +3

B) +1, -2, +7

C) +1, +2, +7

D) -1, -2, +7

E) -1, -2, +3

Answer: B

Calculate the oxidation number of iodine in I₂.

A) -1

B) 0

C) +1

D) +7

E) None of these is the correct oxidation number.

Answer: B

Sodium tripolyphosphate is used in detergents to make them effective in hard water. Calculate the oxidation number of phosphorus in Na₅P₃O₁₀.

A) +3

B) +5

C) +10

D) +15

E) None of these is the correct oxidation number.

Answer: B

Calculate the oxidation number of sulfur in sodium metabisulfite, Na₂S₂O₅.

A) -2

B) +2

C) +4

D) +5

E) None of these is the correct oxidation number.

Answer: C

Calculate the oxidation number of the chlorine in perchloric acid, HClO₄, a strong oxidizing agent.

A) -1

B) +4

C) +5

D) +7

E) None of these is the correct oxidation number.

Answer: D

A 0.00100 mol sample of Ca(OH)₂ requires 25.00 mL of aqueous HCl for neutralization according to the reaction below. What is the concentration of the HCl? Equation: Ca(OH)₂(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl₂(aq) + H₂O(l)

A 0.00100 mol sample of Ca(OH)₂ requires 25.00 mL of aqueous HCl for neutralization according to the reaction below. What is the concentration of the HCl?
Equation: Ca(OH)₂(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl₂(aq) + H₂O(l)

A) 0.0200 M

B) 0.0400 M

C) 0.0800 M

D) 4.00 x 10⁻⁵ M

E) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: C

Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid, CH₃COOH, dissolved in water. A 5.54-g sample of vinegar was neutralized by 30.10 mL of 0.100 M NaOH. What is the percent by weight of acetic acid in the vinegar?

A) 0.184%

B) 1.63%

C) 3.26%

D) 5.43%

E) 9.23%

Answer: C

Automobile batteries use 3.0 M H₂SO₄ as an electrolyte. How much 1.20 M NaOH will be needed to neutralize 225 mL of battery acid? H₂SO₄(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2H₂O(l) + Na₂SO₄(aq)

Automobile batteries use 3.0 M H₂SO₄ as an electrolyte. How much 1.20 M NaOH will be needed to neutralize 225 mL of battery acid?
H₂SO₄(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2H₂O(l) + Na₂SO₄(aq)

A) 0.045 L

B) 0.28 L

C) 0.56 L

D) 0.90 L

E) 1.1 L

Answer: E

A standard solution of 0.243 M NaOH was used to determine the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution. If 46.33 mL of NaOH is needed to neutralize 10.00 mL of the acid, what is the molar concentration of the acid?

A) 0.0524 M

B) 0.888 M

C) 1.13 M

D) 2.26 M

E) 2.43 M

Answer: C

Select the net ionic equation for the reaction between lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid. LiOH(aq) + HBr(aq) → H₂O(l) + LiBr(aq)

Select the net ionic equation for the reaction between lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid.
LiOH(aq) + HBr(aq) → H₂O(l) + LiBr(aq)

A) LiOH(aq) → Li⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

B) HBr(aq) →H⁺(aq)+ Br⁻(aq)

C) H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l)

D) Li⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) → LiBr(aq)

E) Li⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)+ H⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) → H₂O(l) + LiBr(aq)

Answer: C

Select the correct set of products for the following reaction. Ba(OH)₂(aq) + HNO₃(aq) →

Select the correct set of products for the following reaction.
Ba(OH)₂(aq) + HNO₃(aq) →

A) BaN₂(s) + H₂O(l)

B) Ba(NO₃)₂(aq) + H₂O(l)

C) Ba(s) + H₂(g) + NO₂(g)

D) Ba₂O(s) + NO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

E) No reaction occurs.

Answer: B

Which one of the following substances is a strong acid?

A) HNO₃

B) H2CO₃

C) NH₃

D) CH₃COOH

E) H₃PO₄

Answer: A

Which of the following is a weak base?

A) NH₃

B) Ca(OH)₂

C) Ba(OH)₂

D) NaOH

E) CH₃COOH

Answer: A

Which of the following is a strong base?

A) NH₃

B) Ca(OH)₂

C) Al(OH)₃

D) B(OH)₃

E) CH₃OH

Answer: B

Which of the following is a strong acid?

A) H₃PO₄

B) HNO₃

C) HF

D) CH₃COOH

E) H₂O

Answer: B

Which of the following is a weak acid?

A) H₂SO₄

B) HNO₃

C) HF

D) HBr

E) HCl

Answer: C

Select the net ionic equation for the reaction between sodium chloride and mercury(I) nitrate. 2NaCl(aq) + Hg₂(NO₃)₂(aq) → NaNO₃(aq) + Hg₂Cl₂(s)

Select the net ionic equation for the reaction between sodium chloride and mercury(I) nitrate.
2NaCl(aq) + Hg₂(NO₃)₂(aq) → NaNO₃(aq) + Hg₂Cl₂(s)

A) Na⁺(aq) + NO₃⁻(aq) → NaNO₃(aq)

B) Hg₂²⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → Hg₂Cl₂(s)

C) NaCl(aq) → Na⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq)

D) Hg₂(NO₃)₂(aq) → Hg₂²⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq)

E) Hg₂²⁺(aq) → Hg₂(s)

Answer: B

Select the correct name and chemical formula for the precipitate that forms when the following reactants are mixed. CoSO4(aq) + (NH4)3PO4(aq) →

Select the correct name and chemical formula for the precipitate that forms when the following reactants are mixed.
CoSO4(aq) + (NH4)3PO4(aq) →

A) cobalt(II) phosphate, Co₃(PO₄)₂

B) cobalt(III) phosphate, Co₃(PO₄)₂

C) cobalt(II) phosphate, CoPO₄

D) cobalt(III) phosphate, CoPO₄

E) ammonium sulfate, (NH₄)₂SO₄

Answer: A

Select the correct name and chemical formula for the precipitate that forms when the following reactants are mixed. CuCl₂(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) →

Select the correct name and chemical formula for the precipitate that forms when the following reactants are mixed.
CuCl₂(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) →

A) copper(I) carbonate, Cu₂CO₃

B) copper(II) carbonate, Cu₂CO₃

C) copper(I) carbonate, CuCO₃

D) copper(II) carbonate, CuCO₃

E) sodium chloride, NaCl

Answer: D

Select the precipitate that forms when aqueous lead(II) nitrate reacts with aqueous sodium sulfate.

A) NaNO₃

B) Na₂NO₃

C) PbSO₄

D) Pb₂SO₄

E) PbS

Answer: C

Select the precipitate that forms when aqueous ammonium sulfide reacts with aqueous copper(II) nitrate.

A) CuS

B) Cu₂S

C) NH₃NO₃

D) NH₄(NO₃)₂

E) CuSO₄

Answer: A

Select the precipitate that forms when the following reactants are mixed. Mg(CH₃COO)₂(aq) + LiOH(aq) →

Select the precipitate that forms when the following reactants are mixed.
Mg(CH₃COO)₂(aq) + LiOH(aq) →

A) LiCH₃COO

B) Li(CH₃COO)2

C) MgOH

D) Mg(OH)₂

E) CH₃OH

Answer: D

Select the precipitate that forms when the following reactants are mixed. Na₂CO₃(aq) + BaCl₂(aq) →

Select the precipitate that forms when the following reactants are mixed.
Na₂CO₃(aq) + BaCl₂(aq) →

A) Ba₂CO₃

B) BaCO₃

C) NaCl

D) NaCl₂

E) BaO

Answer: B

In the following reaction, what ions, if any, are spectator ions? Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) → PbCl₂(s) + 2NaNO₃(aq)

In the following reaction, what ions, if any, are spectator ions?
Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) → PbCl₂(s) + 2NaNO₃(aq)

A) Pb²⁺(aq), Cl⁻(aq)

B) Na⁺(aq), NO₃⁻(aq)

C) Pb²⁺(aq), NO₃⁻(aq)

D) Na⁺(aq), Cl⁻(aq)

E) There are no spectator ions.

Answer: B

Which one of the following substances is the best electrolyte?

A) CO

B) CH₃Cl

C) CH₄

D) C₂H₅OH

E) HCl

Answer: E

Which one of the following substances, when dissolved in water at equal molar concentrations, will give the solution with the lowest electrical conductivity?

A) CaCl₂

B) HNO₃

C) NH₃

D) C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose)

E) CO₂

Answer: D

1.0 M aqueous solutions of the following substances are prepared. Which one would you expect to have the lowest electrical conductivity?

A) NaOH

B) CH₃CH₂OH (ethanol)

C) KBr

D) CH₃COOH (acetic acid)

E) HClO₄

Answer: B

Which of the following solutions will be the best conductor of electrical current?

A) methyl alcohol, CH₃OH(aq)

B) glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆(aq)

C) potassium chloride, KCl(aq)

D) bromine, Br₂(aq)

E) ethylene glycol, C₂H₆O₂(aq)

Answer: C

Which of the following solutions will be the poorest conductor of electrical current?

A) sucrose, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁(aq)

B) sodium chloride, NaCl(aq)

C) potassium nitrate, KNO₃(aq)

D) lithium hydroxide, LiOH(aq)

E) sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄(aq)

Answer: A

Which of the following will be least soluble in water?

A) potassium sulfate, K₂SO₄

B) ammonium nitrate, NH₄NO₃

C) chloromethane, CH₃Cl

D) calcium chloride, CaCl₂

E) ethanol, C₂H₆O

Answer: C

Which of the following is most soluble in water?

A) benzene, C₆H₆

B) potassium nitrate, KNO₃

C) carbon tetrachloride, CCl₄

D) hexane, C₆H₁₄

E) ethane, C₂H₄

Answer: B

How many sodium ions are present in 325 mL of 0.850 M Na₂SO₄?

A) 1.66 x 10²³ Na ions

B) 3.33 x 10²³ Na ions

C) 4.99 x 10²³ Na ions

D) 6.20 x 10²³ Na ions

E) 1.57 x 10²⁴ Na ions

Answer: B

How many moles of H+ (aq) ions are present in 1.25 L of 0.75 M nitric acid?

A) 0.60 mol

B) 0.75 mol

C) 0.94 mol

D) 1.7 mol

E) 1.9 mol

Answer: C

How many moles of H+(aq) ions are present in 750 mL of 0.65 M hydrochloric acid?

A) 1.2 mol

B) 0.98 mol

C) 0.87 mol

D) 0.65 mol

E) 0.49 mol

Answer: E

How many moles of ions are released when 1.6 mol of ammonium phosphate, (NH₄)₃PO₄, is dissolved in water?

A) 0.40 mol

B) 1.6 mol

C) 3.2 mol

D) 4.8 mol

E) 6.4 mol

Answer: E

How many moles of ions are released when 0.27 mol of cobalt(II) chloride, CoCl₂, is dissolved in water?

A) 0.81 mol

B) 0.54 mol

C) 0.27 mol

D) 0.18 mol

E) 0.090 mol

Answer: A

Potassium carbonate, K₂CO₃, sodium iodide, NaI, magnesium chloride, MgCl₂, methanol, CH₃OH, and ammonium chloride, NH⁴Cl, are soluble in water. Which produces the largest number of dissolved particles per mole of dissolved solute?

A) K₂CO₃

B) NaI

C) MgCl₂

D) CH₃OH

E) NH₄Cl

Answer: A

Potassium chloride, KCl, sodium sulfate, Na₂SO₄, glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆, carbon dioxide, CO₂ and ammonium phosphate, (NH₄)₃PO₄, are soluble in water. Which one produces largest number of dissolved particles per mole of dissolved solute?

A) KCl

B) Na₂SO₄

C) C₆H₁₂O₆

D) CO₂

E) (NH₄)₃PO₄

Answer: E

Gas behavior is based on the following assumptions of the _______

If bond order is greater than ____, then the substance can exist.

p orbitals combine to form one ____ and one _____ molecular orbital and two _____ and two ____ molecular orbitals

s orbitals combine to form a ____ and a ___ molecular orbital.

_____ tells if a bond between two atoms is favorable. Anything greater than 0 is favorable.

Atomic orbitals are described by _____ functions: combine constructively and destructively.

______ are generated by the combination of atomic orbitals from different atoms.

A ________ is an orbital for a molecule rather than an atomic orbital.

_____ is repelled and has all paired electrons.

______ is attracted to magnetic field and has unpaired electrons.

____-bonds restrict rotation of parts of the molecule, because the unhybridized p-orbitals must remain parallel.

A ____-bond is generated from overlap of parallel unhybridized p orbitals.

A _____-bond is generated from direct overlap of hybridized or unhybridized orbitals.

In a double bond, the second pair of electrons is shared between parallel (unhybridized) p orbitals. this type of bond is called a __ bond.

In a double bond, one pair of electrons is shared between axially overlapping orbitals (hybridized or unhybridized). this type of bond is called a _____ bond.

The number of hybrid orbitals required by an atom is equivalent to the number of ________

_____ of the atomic orbitals - the valence atomic orbitals combine to generate equivalent hybrid orbitals.

A ______ bond is generated by overlap of two orbitals, one from each bonding atom.

If any of the pairs is non-bonding or bonded to a different atom, then it will likely be _____

If all of the electron pairs around the central atom are bonding to the same atoms, then it is likely _______

The ______ bonds must be asymmetrically arranged around a central atom - the dipole moments of each polar bond cannot cancel each other out.

A central atom has a non-bonding pair, a single bond, and a double bond. What is the approximate bond angle?

A central atom has a non-bonding pair, a single bond, and a double bond. What is the molecular geometry?

A central atom has a non-bonding pair, a single bond, and a double bond. What is the electron domain geometry?

The _______ the bond order, the more space the domain requires due to greater electron - electron repulsion.

Bond angles are ______ than ideal angles when non-bonding pairs or double and triple bonds are present.

________ is the energy required to break a bond.

For exothermic, new bonds are _______ than old bonds.

For endothermic, new bonds are ______ than old bonds.

When bonds are made, energy is ______

Energy is _______ when new stronger bonds are made.

________ is the number of bonds between two atoms.

Which 4 atoms can make covalent bonds and not achieve a full octet?

Atoms in ________ and beyond can have more than 8 electrons in their valence shell.

________ structures stabilize the system, because it spreads the electron density out more, leading to less electron-electron repulsion.

Standard temperature and pressure (STP), in the context of gases, refers to ________.

The π bond in ethylene, H2C=CH2 (double bond between the Carbons), results from the overlap of ________.

The basis of the VSEPR model of molecular bonding is ________.

A real gas will behave most like an ideal gas under conditions of ________.

The kinetic-molecular theory predicts that pressure rises as the temperature of a gas increases because ________.

An ideal gas differs from a real gas in that the molecules of an ideal gas ________.

What exactly does chymotrypsin do?

What type of enzyme is chymotrypsin?

What does the active site of chymotrypsin contain and what position is it at?

What are the ways enzymes are regulated?

If you are developing a medicine to inhibit an enzyme, what should you make?

What is a zymogen and what is the zymogen discussed in class?

What is specific activity in enzyme kinetics?

What is an international unit (IU) in enzyme kinetics?

What is the slope in the Lineweaver-Burk plot?

How do you overcome competitive inhibition?

What does the turnover number mean in enzyme kinetics?

What happens during uncompetitive inhibition?

What happens during noncompetitive inhibition?

What happens during competitive inhibition?

What are the non-covalent modes of inhibition?

Why is the Induced Fit Model deemed to be more correct than the Lock and Key Model?

What are the two models of substrates binding to enzymes, and which is deemed to be more correct?

What are the definitions of apoenzymes and holoenzymes and what is the difference between them?

What are the definitions of apoproteins and holoproteins and what is the difference between them?

True or false: All cofactors are coenzymes.

Pertaining to enzymes, what is a cofactor?

What does the fourth number indicate in the Enzyme Commission number for an enzyme?

What does the third number mean in the Enzyme Commission number of an enzyme? (hint: it is directly related to the second number)

What does the second number mean in the Enzyme Commission number of an enzyme?

In the four-letter coding (Enzyme Commission number) of enzymes, what does the first digit signify?

What are the six classes of enzymes, and what are their numbers according to the enzyme commission numbering system?

How exactly do active sites catalyze reactions when a substrate is bound to it?

How does X-Ray Crystallography separate proteins?

How does mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization) separate proteins?

How does electrophoresis separate proteins?

How does gel-filtration separate proteins?

How does ion-exchange chromatography separate proteins?

Determine the answer to the following equation with correct number of significant figures: 106 ÷ 9.02 × 1.9 =

p orbitals combine to form one __ and one _ molecular orbital and two _ and two __ molecular orbitals

s orbitals combine to form a __ and a _ molecular orbital.