Answer: A small puddle of each substance was placed on the reaction surface. Next, a sample of KI was placed in each puddle. KI is ionic and polar so it would dissolve in polar solvents. The polarity of the solvents would be ranked bases on how quickly the KI dissolved.

Explain the "like dissolves like" principle and know some specific examples that document your explanation.

Answer: Polar substances are able to dissolve other polar substances. Water can dissolve salt because salt is an ion and ions break up completely in solution.

You observed a reaction involving crystal Draino which is the same reaction that took place in the first step of the alum synthesis. Write out this reaction equation.

Answer: 2 Al(s) + 2 NaOH + 6H₂O → 3 H₂(g) + 2 NaAl(OH)₄

You did a melting point test on the alum you made. What two things does this tell you about your compound? Explain.

Answer: It confirms the identity of the compound and measures its purity. Impurities decrease the melting point and gives a bigger range of melting point.

In section B you tested for the presence of SO₄²⁻, K⁺, Al³⁺ and H₂O. Be able to explain how they were tested for and what should have been observed in each test.

Answer: Sulfate was tested for by reacting the alum with BaCl2. A white precipitate of BaSO4 formed. K and H2O were tested for by the flame test. The flame turned purple which shows K in it and a popping noise was heard as the water evaporated. Al was tested for by reacting it with KOH and checking for the Al(OH)4 precipitate and by Al having an acidic pH.

Given the overall reaction equation for the synthesis of alum and the molar masses involved, you should be able to calculate theoretical yield. If you are given the wt. of alum actually obtained, you should be able to calculate the % yield.

Answer: % yield = (g alum actually obtained / g alum theoretically produced) * 100 %

Write an equation which explains why carbonated beverages are acidic.

CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃.

H₂CO₃ is carbonic acid.

When H2SO4 is added to one of the scratched up areas of an aluminum can bubbles are observed. Write a reaction equation to explain this observation.

Answer: 3 H₂SO₄ + 2 Al → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3 H₂.

H₂ is hydrogen gas (bubbles).

Explain the difference between the corrosion of iron and the corrosion of aluminum.

Answer: Iron corrodes relatively quickly while Al reacts with air to form a thin layer of aluminum hydroxide which slows corrosion. Iron will rust and corrode continuously.

Give two reasons why aluminum is expensive to produce, and two uses for the alum compound that you synthesized.

Answer: Expensive: The bauxite deposits occur outside of the US and the Hall-Heroult process is extremely energy intensive.

Uses: writing paper, soap

Be able to describe the observations of OTO (from Chlorine test kit) with tap water and water passed through a Brita filter. Explain.

When tap water was reacted, the solution turned yellow due to the high chlorine ion concentration. The Brita water turned a lighter shade of yellow due to the Cl⁻ ions being removed. The Cl⁻ was removed because it stuck to the activated carbons which have tiny pores so there is a high surface area to react.

(a) Be able to estimate the standard deviation for a set of data using the "2/3's rule" described in this experiment. (b) Also, know how to calculate a standard deviation by hand for a given set of data.

(a) 1. put the number in increasing order.

2. Find the average of the numbers.

3. 2/3 * # of data points

4. + or - two points on either side of the average.

5. Report answer

(b) [(∑(x-x1)^2)/(N-1)]^.5

Be able to use the dilution equation given in this experiment to solve dilution problems.

Answer: C1V1=C2V2

What process removes the energy from excited food dye molecules in aqueous solution?

Answer: The extra energy is removed continuously by the solvent molecules by bumping into the excited food dye molecules.

Describe the technique of colorimetry.

Answer: The process where a set of solutions of known concentrations of some light absorbing substance is placed in a series of containers. Unknown concentration solution can be determined by comparing with the calibration set.

What is the fundamental reason why a substance absorbs visible light?

Answer: The energy of a particular photon of visible light matches the energy needed to promote an electron from a low energy state to a higher one.

Explain the complementary nature of absorbed/observed colors.

Answer: The observed color is the color transmitted, where the absorbed color is it's complementary color, which is not seen.

If you are given the wavelengths of light observed by a particular student for the hydrogen emission spectrum you should be able to (a) determine the frequencies and energies associated with these wavelengths, (b) be able to use the Bohr equation to calculate the wavelengths expected for the Balmer series of the hydrogen atom, (c) be able to quantitatively compare the results from (a) and (b) - i.e., know how to calculate the % difference between a students results and Bohrs.

(a) ∙frequency= speed of light/wavelength

∙energy= frequency x Planck's constant.

(b) ΔE= -Rn x (1/nf^2 - 1/ni^2)

Outline in a few sentences how you calibrated your spectroscope.

1. Spectroscope constructed.

2. Sample of excited hydrogen gas was viewed through spect.

3. It was noted what line on the graph paper in the spec. each line of H's spectra was on.

4. Plot the # of graph paper lines vs. actual wavelength and an equation was determined.

Explain the effect on the spectrum by (a) changing the slit width and (b) the distance from the source of light to the spectroscope.

(a) slit width wider = wider colors, size of spectrum stays the same.

(b) closer to the spectroscope = more intense light

Describe what is meant by the term "white light," and know the wavelength range (in nm) that white light covers. List the colors of the spectrum from the highest to the lowest frequency.

White light is apparent 'colorless' light from 400-750 nm. (Ex. light from the sun).

Lowest to highest: ROYGBV

What kind of energy transitions were observed in this experiment?

Answer: Electronic energy transitions. (valence electrons)

Explain the difference between line and continuous spectrum, and give an example of a source of each type.

Continuous: contains all the frequencies of the emitted radiation within a region on the EM spectrum. (Ex. the sun)

Line spectrum: only includes certain frequencies emitted by atoms in the gas phase and is produced by excited atoms. (Ex. gases)

When walking, an average person burns 0.453 Food Calories/mile-pounds. How many food calories does a 150-pound person burn after walking a mile? If a peanut releases 5.7 Food Calories/g and an average peanut weighs about 1 gram, then how many peanuts will you have to eat to walk a mile?

(150 lb)∙(.453C/mi-lb)=67.95 C/mi

(67.95C/mi)∙(1g/ 5.7 C) = 12g = 12 peanuts

What is meant by a small calorie "c" and a food calorie "C"?

A small calorie "c" is a scientific calorie and it is 1000x smaller than a food calorie. Food calorie is 1000c and is how food is measured.

Know how to calculate amount of energy released using E=mcΔT.

Answer: E=energy, m=mass, c=specific heat, ΔT=change in temperature

What is the bond energy of a triple bond

Answer: 908 kJ/mol

What is the bond energy of a double bond

Answer: 657 kJ/mol

What is the bond energy of a single bond

Answer: 347 kJ/mol

Which bonds are the shortest and strongest

Answer: triple bonds

Which bonds are the longest and weakest

Answer: single bonds

What elements frequency form double and triple bonds

Answer: C, O, N

In which set do all elements tend to form anions in binary ionic compounds?

A) Li, Na, K

B) N, O, I

C) C, S, Pb

D) K, Fe, Br

Answer: B) N, O, I

Write the name for FeS.

A) iron sulfide

B) iron (I) sulfide

C) iron (I) sulfate

D) iron (II) sulfide

E) iron (II) sulfate

Answer: D) iron (II) sulfide

Determine the volume of hexane that contains 5.33 × 1022 molecules of hexane. The density of hexane is 0.6548 g/mL and its molar mass is 86.17 g/mol.

A) 8.59 mL

B) 7.40 mL

C) 11.6 mL

D) 12.4 mL

E) 13.5 mL

Answer: C) 11.6 mL

Determine the molecular formula of a compound that is 49.48% carbon, 5.19% hydrogen, 28.85% nitrogen, and 16.48% oxygen. The molecular weight is 194.19 g/mol.

A) C4H5N2O

B) C8H10N4O2

C) C8H10N2O

D) C8H12N4O2

Answer: B) C8H10N4O2

Combustion analysis of 63.8 mg of a C, H and O containing compound produced 145.0 mg of CO2 and 59.38 mg of H2O. What is the empirical formula for the compound?

A) CHO

B) C5H2O

C) C6HO3

D) C3H7O

E) C3H6O

Answer: E) C3H6O

Write a balanced equation to show the reaction of gaseous ethane with gaseous oxygen to form carbon monoxide gas and water vapor.

A) 2 CH3 (g) + 5 O (g) → 2 CO (g) + 3 H2O (g)

B) C2H6 (g) + 7 O (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (g)

C) 2 C2H6 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 CO (g) + 6 H2O (g)

D) C2H6 (g) + 5 O (g) → 2 CO (g) + 3 H2O (g)

E) 2 C2H6 (g) + 7 O2 (g) → 4 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g)

Answer: (C) 2 C2H6 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 CO (g) + 6 H2O (g)

When two elements form two different compounds, the masses of element B that combine with 1 g of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers. Which law does this refer to?

A) Law of the Conservation of Mass

B) First Law of Thermodynamics

C) Law of Multiple Proportions

D) Law of Modern Atomic Theory

E) Law of Definite Proportions

Answer: C) Law of Multiple Proportions

Give the number of electrons in P-3.

A) 18

B) 12

C) 16

D) 15

E) 19

Answer: A) 18

Predict the charge that the ion formed from bromine would have.

A) 2+

B) 1-

C) 4+

D) 1+

E) 2-

Answer: B) 1-

Which of the following elements is a nonmetal?

A) Ca

B) Zn

C) Co

D) P

E) Cs

Answer: D) P

Which of the following elements is a noble gas?

A) K

B) N

C) Ar

D) Br

E) O

Answer: C) Ar

Which of the following elements is an alkaline earth metal?

A) Cu

B) Ti

C) Br

D) Cs

E) Mg

Answer: E) Mg

The atomic mass for cadmium is

A) 40.08

B) 112.41

C) 20

D) 48

Answer: B) 112.41

Gallium has an atomic mass of 69.723 amu. The Ga-69 (68.926 amu) is 60.11%. What is the amu of the other isotope?

A) 70.932 amu

B) 70.928 amu

C) 70.920 amu

D) 70.924 amu

Answer: D) 70.924 amu

Which of the following contains the MOST atoms? You shouldn't need to do a calculation here.

A) 10.0 g Mg

B) 10.0 g Ne

C) 10.0 g Kr

D) 10.0 g Ar

E) 10.0 g He

Answer: E) 10.0 g He

How many Li atoms are contained in 97.9 g of Li?

A) 4.27 × 1022 Li atoms

B) 5.90 × 1025 Li atoms

C) 7.09 × 1021 Li atoms

D) 8.49 × 1024 Li atoms

E) 4.18 × 1024 Li atoms

Answer: D) 8.49 × 1024 Li atoms

Calculate the mass (in g) of 1.9 x 1024 atoms of Pb.

A) 2.4 × 102 g

B) 6.5 × 102 g

C) 3.9 × 102 g

D) 1.5 × 102 g

E) 3.2 × 102 g

Answer: B) 6.5 × 102 g

A mass of mercury occupies 0.550 L. What volume would an equal mass of ethanol occupy? The density of mercury is 13.546 g/mL and the density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL.

A) 9.44 L

B) 0.106 L

C) 31.2 L

D) 0.0320 L

Answer: A) 9.44 L

Choose the element from the list below.

A) carbon dioxide

B) rust

C) water

D) sodium chloride

E) helium

Answer: E) helium

Choose the homogeneous mixture from the list below.

A) cola

B) salsa

C) mud

D) salad dressing

E) ice water

Answer: A) cola

Which of the following are examples of a chemical change?

A) coffee brewing

B) water boiling

C) salt dissolves in water

D) leaves turning color in the fall

E) None of the above are chemical changes.

Answer: D) leaves turning color in the fall

Which of the following represents a physical property?

A) Aluminum has a tendency to "rust."

B) Mercury is a silvery liquid at room temperature.

C) Butane is highly flammable.

D) Sodium metal is extremely reactive with chlorine gas.

E) Argon has an unreactive nature.

Answer: B) Mercury is a silvery liquid at room temperature.

A student performs an experiment to determine the density of a sugar solution. She obtains the following results: 1.71 g/mL, 1.73 g/mL, 1.67 g/mL, 1.69 g/mL. If the actual value for the density of the sugar solution is 1.40 g/mL, which statement below best describes her results?

A) Her results are precise, but not accurate.

Her results are accurate, but not precise.

B) Her results are neither precise nor accurate.

C) Her results are both precise and accurate

D) It isn't possible to determine with the information given.

Answer: B) Her results are precise, but not accurate.

What wavelength of light would you report in units of nm, if the light had a wavelength of 7.60 x 10-10 m?

Answer: 0.760 nm

One example of a condensation polymer is

A) polyethylene.

B) nylon.

C) Teflon.

D) polystyrene.

Answer: B) nylon.

How does the monomer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) differ from the monomer of polyethylene (PE)?

A) The PVC monomer has a chlorine atom, but the PE monomer does not.

B) The PVC monomer has two chlorine atoms, but the PE monomer does not.

C) The PE monomer has one chlorine atom, and the PVC monomer has two chlorine atoms.

D) The PVC monomer has a triple bond, and the PE monomer has a double bond.

Answer: A) The PVC monomer has a chlorine atom, but the PE monomer does not.

What is Teflon used for?

A) film

B) nonstick cookware

C) bullet-proof vests

D) garbage bags

Answer: B) nonstick cookware

The plastic that is used in light weight, rustproof plumbing pipes is

A) Teflon.

B) polyethylene.

C) PVC.

D) Bakelite.

Answer: C) PVC.

The plastic material used to make transparent "throw-away" drinking cups and disposable coffee cups is

A) polyvinyl chloride.

B) polystyrene.

C) polyethylene.

D) bakelite plastic.

Answer: B) polystyrene.

A polymer that conducts electricity is

A) polyacetylene.

B) polyethylene.

C) polyvinyl chloride.

D) polystyrene.

Answer: A) polyacetylene.

The monomer used to make PVC is

A) H2CCH2.

B) Cl2CCH2.

C) H2CCHCl.

D) F2CCF2.

Answer: C) H2CCHCl.

The monomer used to make Teflon is

A) H2CCH2.

B) Cl2CCH2.

C) H2CCHCl.

D) F2CCF2.

Answer: D) F2CCF2.

Polyvinyl chloride is used for drain pipes in plumbing applications. It has replaced traditional cast iron pipe for this purpose. The major advantage of PVC in replacing cast iron for this application (particularly if you are a plumber or homeowner) is that PVC

A) is of lighter weight.

B) is easier to handle and cut.

C) is more resistant to corrosion.

D) All of the above are advantages of PVC.

Answer: D) All of the above are advantages of PVC.

The monomer of PVC differs from the monomer of PE by

A) one atom.

B) two atoms.

C) three atoms.

D) four atoms.

Answer: A) one atom.

The monomer of polypropylene is

A) CH2CH2.

B) CH2CHCH3.

C) CH3CH3.

D) CH3CH2CH3.

Answer: B) CH2CHCH3.

Which of the following statements about the difference between HDPE and LDPE is NOT correct?

A) HDPE has a higher density than LDPE does.

B) HDPE holds its shape better than LDPE does when they are put into boiling water.

C) HDPE is more flexible than LDPE is.

D) HDPE has fewer side chains branching off from the main chains than LDPE does.

Answer: C) HDPE is more flexible than LDPE is.

Which of the following statements about ethylene and polyethylene is true?

A) The polymer has the same properties as the monomer.

B) The polymer has alternating double and single bonds between carbons, while the monomer has only single bonds between carbons.

C) The polymer has alternating double and single bonds between carbons, while the monomer has only double bonds between carbons.

D) The polymer has only single bonds between carbons, while the monomer has only double bonds between carbons.

Answer: D) The polymer has only single bonds between carbons, while the monomer has only double bonds between carbons.

The polymer segment ~CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2~ represents

A) polyethylene.

B) polypropylene.

C) polystyrene.

D) polyvinyl chloride.

Answer: A) polyethylene.

A copolymer is composed of

A) two or more different monomers.

B) different polymers linked end to end.

C) different polymers cross-linked.

D) none of the above

Answer: A) two or more different monomers.

The most widely used synthetic polymer is

A) polyethylene.

B) polyvinyl chloride.

C) polystyrene.

D) polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon).

Answer: A) polyethylene.

HDPE stands for

A) high-density polyethylene.

B) hot-dipped polyethylene.

C) high-dose polyethylene.

D) highly-diffuse polyethylene.

Answer: A) high-density polyethylene.

LDPE stands for

A) linearly dense polyethylene.

B) light diffuse polyethylene.

C) low-density polyethylene.

D) lightly doped polyethylene.

Answer: C) low-density polyethylene.

LDPE finds applications as

A) food wrap.

B) rigid containers.

C) drain pipes.

D) television cabinets.

Answer: A) food wrap.

HDPE finds applications in

A) food wrap.

B) rigid containers.

C) squeeze bottles.

D) garbage bags.

Answer: B) rigid containers.

Low-density polyethylene is composed of

A) primarily linear, unbranched chains of polyethylene in a close packing arrangement.

B) primarily highly branched, non-linear chains of polyethylene in a diffuse packing arrangement.

C) a mixture of polyethylene and polystyrene.

D) polyethylene with low density plasticizers added to increase density.

Answer: B) primarily highly branched, non-linear chains of polyethylene in a diffuse packing arrangement.

High-density polyethylene is composed of

A) primarily linear, unbranched chains of polyethylene in a close packing arrangement.

B) primarily highly branched, non-linear chains of polyethylene in a diffuse packing arrangement.

C) a mixture of polyethylene and polystyrene.

D) polyethylene with high density plasticizers added to increase density.

Answer: A) primarily linear, unbranched chains of polyethylene in a close packing arrangement.

Which of the following is the simplest synthetic polymer?

A) polymethane

B) polyethylene

C) polyvinyl chloride

D) polystyrene

Answer: B) polyethylene

Wool and silk are examples of which type of naturally occurring polymer?

A) cellulose

B) polyesters

C) nucleic acids

D) proteins

Answer: D) proteins

Which of the following is a naturally occurring polymer?

A) composites

B) nylon

C) starch

D) None of the above is a naturally occurring polymer.

Answer: C) starch

Natural polymers which carry the coded genetic information that makes each individual unique are

A) proteins.

B) carboxylic acids.

C) esters.

D) nucleic acids.

Answer: D) nucleic acids.

Which of the following roots means "many"?

A) mer

B) mono

C) poly

D) tetra

Answer: C) poly

Which statement relating monomers and polymers is correct?

A) They have the same chemical and physical properties.

B) They have different chemical and physical properties.

C) The monomer is usually a solid, while the polymer is usually a liquid or gas.

D) They have the same chemical formula.

Answer: B) They have different chemical and physical properties.

The word monomer means

A) one bond.

B) one unit.

C) many bonds.

D) many rings.

Answer: B) one unit.

The word polymer means many

A) parts.

B) sides.

C) rings.

D) carbons.

Answer: A) parts.

Monomers are

A) small building blocks of polymers.

B) small polymers.

C) ethylene.

D) all of the above

Answer: A) small building blocks of polymers.

Hard water deposits (calcium carbonate) have built up around your bathroom sink. Which one of the following would be best to dissolve the deposit?

A) ammonia

B) bleach

C) lye

D) vinegar

Answer: D) vinegar

When the pH of the blood is too high, the condition is called ________.

A) acidosis

B) alkalosis

C) hyperacidity

D) anemia

Answer: B) alkalosis

Aluminum hydroxide is a popular antacid. The formula of aluminum hydroxide is

A) AlOH.

B) Al(OH)2.

C) Al(OH)3.

D) Al3OH.

Answer: C) Al(OH)3.

All antacids are

A) acids.

B) bases.

C) neutral.

D) salts.

Answer: B) bases.

Sodium bicarbonate is commonly known as

A) baking soda.

B) baking powder.

C) washing soda.

D) cherry soda.

Answer: A) baking soda.

Rain with which of the following pH of values would be considered to be acid rain?

A) 9.5

B) 9.0

C) 7

D) 1.5

Answer: D) 1.5

By definition, acid rain has a pH

A) below 4.

B) below 5.6.

C) below 7.

D) above 8.5

Answer: B) below 5.6.

Acid rain is caused by acidic pollutants in the air. Which of the following pollutants does NOT contribute to acid rain?

A) ammonia, NH3

B) sulfur dioxide, SO2

C) nitrogen dioxide, NO2

D) nitric oxide, NO

Answer: A) ammonia, NH3

Which of the following does NOT contribute to acid rain?

A) coal-burning power plants

B) lightning

C) volcanic eruptions

D) All of the above contribute to acid rain.

Answer: D) All of the above contribute to acid rain.

The pH of rain collected on a remote island in the Pacific is assumed to be unaffected by human pollution. The pH of the rainwater will be

A) less than 7.

B) equal to 7.

C) greater than 7.

D) 0.

Answer: A) less than 7.

A buffer

A) resists changes in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added.

B) is made up of a weak acid and its conjugate base.

C) is made up of a weak base and its conjugate acid.

D) All of the above are true.

Answer: D) All of the above are true.

A mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base forms a(n)

A) acid-base indicator.

B) buffer.

C) antacid.

D) acid rain.

Answer: B) buffer.

A conjugate acid-base pair differ by one

A) H atom.

B) O atom.

C) pH unit.

D) proton.

Answer: D) proton.

What is the conjugate base of HSO3-?

A) H2SO4

B) H2SO3

C) HSO4-

D) SO32-

Answer: D) SO32-

What is the conjugate acid of HSO3-?

A) H2SO4

B) H2SO3

C) HSO4-

D) SO32-

Answer: B) H2SO3

Which of the following form a conjugate acid-base pair?

A) H2SO4 and SO42-

B) H3O+ and OH-

C) H2SO4 and HSO4-

D) CH4 and CH3OH

Answer: C) H2SO4 and HSO4-

Which substance has the lowest pH?

A) blood

B) lemon juice

C) unpolluted rainwater

D) NaOH (4% solution)

Answer: B) lemon juice

An unknown substance is added to a solution and the pH increases. The substance is best described as a(n)

A) acid.

B) base.

C) salt.

D) solvent.

Answer: B) base.

An unknown substance is added to a solution and the pH decreases. The substance is best described as a(n)

A) acid.

B) base.

C) salt.

D) solvent.

Answer: A) acid.

A solution of toilet bowl cleaner has a pH of 13. The solution is

A) strongly acidic.

B) weakly acidic.

C) strongly basic.

D) weakly basic.

Answer: C) strongly basic.

A solution of toilet bowl cleaner has a pH of 9. The solution is

A) weakly basic.

B) strongly basic.

C) weakly acidic.

D) strongly acidic.

Answer: A) weakly basic.

A solution with a pH of 10 has a hydronium ion concentration of

A) 10-10 mol/L.

B) 1010 mol/L.

C) 10 mol/L.

D) -10 mol/L.

Answer: A) 10-10 mol/L.

A sample of rainwater has a pH of 3.5. What ion is sure to be present in relatively large concentration in this rain sample?

A) H3O+

B) SO42-

C) OH-

D) HSO4-

Answer: A) H3O+

Phenolphthalein has often been used to monitor the progress of acid-base neutralization reactions. What color will phenolphthalein be if there is an excess of base present?

A) colorless

B) green

C) pink

D) yellow

Answer: C) pink

Phenolphthalein has often been used to monitor the progress of an acid-base neutralization reaction. What color will phenolphthalein be when there is an excess of acid present?

A) colorless

B) green

C) pink

D) yellow

Answer: A) colorless

Which of the following is the correct balanced equation for the neutralization of barium hydroxide with sulfuric acid?

A) Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2 H2O

B) BaOH + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2 H2O

C) BaOH2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2O

D) Ba(OH)2 + 2 H2SO4 → Ba(SO4)2 + 2 H2O

Answer: A) Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2 H2O

Which of the following is the correct balanced equation for the neutralization of barium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid?

A) Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl → BaCl2 + 2 H2O

B) BaOH2 + 2 HCl → BaCl2 + H2O

C) Ba(OH)2 + HCl → BaCl2 + H2O

D) BaOH + HCl → BaCl + H2O

Answer: A) Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl → BaCl2 + 2 H2O

In the balanced chemical reaction for the neutralization of calcium hydoxide with sulfuric acid, H2SO4, the coefficient of water is

A) 4.

B) 5

C) 1.

D) 2.

Answer: D) 2.

In the balanced chemical reaction for the neutralization of sodium hydoxide with sulfuric acid, H2SO4, the coefficient of water is

A) 2.

B) 1.

C) 3.

D) 4.

Answer: A) 2.

In the balanced chemical reaction for the neutralization of calcium hydoxide with nitric acid, HNO3, the coefficient of calcium nitrate is

A) 3.

B) 1.

C) 2.

D) 44.

Answer: B) 1.

A weak base

A) is present in low concentration in solution.

B) is present in high concentration in solution.

C) ionizes only slightly in solution.

D) ionizes completely in solution.

Answer: C) ionizes only slightly in solution.

Nitrous acid, HNO2, is classified as a weak acid in water. This means that it produces

A) no hydronium ions.

B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

C) a relatively large fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

D) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

Answer: B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

An acid is strong if it

A) is very concentrated.

B) makes acid-base indicators change color.

C) ionizes completely in water.

D) causes metals to corrode.

Answer: C) ionizes completely in water.

Citric acid is made by oranges. When citric acid dissolves in water, it produces a relatively small number of hydronium ions. Citric acid is best described as a

A) dilute acid.

B) concentrated acid.

C) weak acid.

D) strong acid.

Answer: C) weak acid.

All of the following are strong acids EXCEPT

A) hydrochloric acid.

B) sulfuric acid.

C) nitric acid.

D) acetic acid.

Answer: D) acetic acid.

When an aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid is just neutralized with an aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide, the solution would taste

A) sour.

B) bitter.

C) salty.

D) sweet.

Answer: C) salty.

Sodium hydroxide is classified as a strong base in water. This means that it produces

A) no hydroxide ions.

B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.

C) a relatively large fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.

D) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.

Answer: D) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.

Ammonia is classified as a weak base in water. This means that it produces

A) no hydroxide ions.

B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.

C) a relatively large fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.

D) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.

Answer: B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.

Nitric acid, HNO3, is classified as a strong acid in water. This means that it produces

A) no hydronium ions.

B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

C) a relatively large fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

D) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

Answer: D) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

HCN is classified as a weak acid in water. This means that it produces

A) no hydronium ions.

B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

C) a relatively large fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

D) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

Answer: B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

The same number of moles of acetic acid and hydrogen chloride are placed in beakers containing water. After this addition, the beaker with the HCl has more hydronium ions than the beaker with added acetic acid. HCl is classified as

A) a weaker acid than acetic acid.

B) a stronger acid than acetic acid.

C) equal in acid strength to acetic acid.

D) a base.

Answer: B) a stronger acid than acetic acid.

When metal oxides react with water, the resulting solution is generally ________.

A) salty

B) acidic

C) neutral

D) basic

Answer: D) basic

When nonmetal oxide reacts with water, the resulting solution is ________.

A) salty

B) acidic

C) neutral

D) basic

Answer: B) acidic

When added to water, which of the following would produce an acid?

A) Na

B) MgO

C) NH3

D) SO3

Answer: D) SO3

Which of the following is an example of a nonmetal oxide?

A) CO2

B) NaOH

C) K2O

D) H2SO4

Answer: A) CO2

Lime is used in farming to reduce the acidity of the soil. The chemical name for lime is calcium oxide. When water in the soil reacts with lime, what base is formed?

A) CaO

B) CaOH

C) Ca2OH

D) Ca(OH)2

Answer: D) Ca(OH)2

What base is formed by the addition of potassium oxide to water?

A) KOH

B) K2OH

C) KH

D) KH2

Answer: A) KOH

When added to water, which of the following would produce a base?

A) Na2O

B) CO2

C) Cl2

D) SO3

Answer: A) Na2O

A salt that can conduct electricity when it is dissolved in water is a(n)

A) buffer.

B) catalyst.

C) elecrolyte.

D) indicator.

Answer: C) elecrolyte.

What is the formula for calcium hydroxide?

A) CaOH

B) Ca2OH

C) Ca(OH)2

D) CaOH2

Answer: C) Ca(OH)2

Which of the following is a correct definition of a base that is not dependent upon the solvent?

A) Bases produce hydronium ions.

B) Bases are proton donors.

C) Bases produce hydroxide ions.

D) Bases are proton acceptors.

Answer: D) Bases are proton acceptors.

Which of the following is a hydroxide ion?

A) OH-

B) H+

C) H3O+

D) H2O-

Answer: A) OH-

A useful broad view of reactions between acids and bases involves the

A) transfer of protons.

B) transfer of electrons.

C) conversion of protons into electrons.

D) ionization of atoms.

Answer: A) transfer of protons.

All of the following are bases EXCEPT

A) KOH.

B) HNO3.

C) NH3.

D) Mg(OH)2.

Answer: B) HNO3.

Phosphoric acid is added to many popular beverages to give them a tart flavor. The formula of phosphoric acid is

A) H3PO4.

B) H4PO3.

C) H2PO4.

D) HPO4.

Answer: A) H3PO4.

Sulfuric acid is the leading chemical produced and used industrially. What is the formula for sulfuric acid?

A) SO4

B) HSO4

C) H2(SO)4

D) H2SO4

Answer: D) H2SO4

When HCl is added to pure water, HCl molecules lose protons, while water molecules gain protons. In this reaction, HCl is a(n)

A) acid.

B) base.

C) salt.

D) solvent.

Answer: A) acid.

Which of the following is a correct definition of an acid that is not dependent upon the solvent?

A) Acids produce hydronium ions.

B) Acids are proton donors.

C) Acids produce hydroxide ions.

D) Acids are proton acceptors.

Answer: B) Acids are proton donors.

A hydrogen ion, H+, is the same as a(n)

A) hydronium ion.

B) proton.

C) electron.

D) hydrate.

Answer: B) proton.

H3O+ is the

A) hydrate ion.

B) hydrogen ion.

C) hydroxide ion.

D) hydronium ion.

Answer: D) hydronium ion.

Which of the following is NOT true of the Arrhenius theory?

A) Acids are defined as compounds that produce H+ ions in water solution.

B) Bases are defined as compounds that produce OH- ions in water solution.

C) Arrhenius theory only applies to reactions in aqueous solution.

D) Acids are defined as compounds that produce OH- ions in water solution.

Answer: D) Acids are defined as compounds that produce OH- ions in water solution.

A compound that changes color when it is placed into an acidic or a basic solution is

A) amphiprotic.

B) an acid-base indicator.

C) a buffer.

D) protonated.

Answer: B) an acid-base indicator.

Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of bases?

A) taste bitter

B) reacts with acids to form salts

C) produce hydroxide ions when added to water

D) All are characteristics of bases.

Answer: D) All are characteristics of bases.

Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of acids?

A) taste sour

B) turn litmus red

C) react with bases to form salts

D) All are characteristics of acids.

Answer: D) All are characteristics of acids.

Foods that are acidic can be identified by their ________ taste.

A) bitter

B) sweet

C) salty

D) sour

Answer: D) sour

Many medicines have a bitter taste which manufacturers attempt to disguise. Many medicines are probably

A) acids.

B) bases.

C) salts.

D) neutral.

Answer: B) bases.

Lemon juice has a sour taste and turns litmus to red. Lemon juice is

A) basic.

B) acidic.

C) neutral.

D) caustic.

Answer: B) acidic.

Which is NOT a characteristic of bases?

A) taste bitter

B) turn litmus red

C) react with acids to form salts

D) produce hydroxide ions when added to water

Answer: B) turn litmus red

Which is NOT a characteristic of acids?

A) taste bitter

B) turn litmus red

C) react with bases to form salts

D) react with active metals to form H2 gas

Answer: A) taste bitter