How do liver and heart cells transport NADHs from glycolysis into the mit matrix and why do these still produce the full 2.5 ATPs?

How do liver and heart cells transport NADHs from glycolysis into the mit matrix and why do these still produce the full 2.5 ATPs?

Answer:


How---by way of the malate aspartate shuttle
Why--higher energy requirements

In the aldol cleavage of Fructose 1,6 bis phosphate to DHAP and GAP, why is there 96% DHAP?

In the aldol cleavage of Fructose 1,6 bis phosphate to DHAP and GAP, why is there 96% DHAP?

Answer: Because DHAP is involved in the uptake of glycolysis NADH electrons into the mitochondrial matrix so they can also be used in ATP production. BUT these are taken up by FADH molecules and so become worth only 1.5 ATP (unlike Krebs Cycle NADHs)

Why does the c ring rotate?

Why does the c ring rotate?

Answer: Each c subunit has a critical aspartic acid residue that when an H+ comes in, causes it to become neutralized and thus want to interact with the hydrophobic membrane. Thus it pulls that c cubunit to the side. This is repeated over and over again. And as the C ring turns it causes the gamma to rotate

Describe how ATP hydrolysis (the reverse reaction) can be visualized.

Describe how ATP hydrolysis (the reverse reaction) can be visualized.

Answer: Attachment of an actin filament to the rotating gamma subunit allows for visualization of the rotation (actin will be seen as rotating).

Describe how the gamma and beta subunits of ATP synthase interact to allow ATP formation.

Describe how the gamma and beta subunits of ATP synthase interact to allow ATP formation.

Answer: The gamma subunit as it rotates extends into the ring and breaks the symmetry of the hexamer by interacting with a beta subunit and changing the beta subunits conformation. The change in conformation causes the beta subunit to either be in a an open, tight or loose position. ATP is generated from ADP and Pi in the tight conformation and released in the loose conformation.

Describe the structure of ATP synthase.

Describe the structure of ATP synthase.

Answer: Draw and label it